Apple was Founded by Steve Jobs - Free Essay Example

In 1976, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak after Jobs dropped out of college. Jobs was responsible for innovation and business while Wozniak was responsible for the engineering portion, and both had no experience in running a company. Apple needed an experienced CEO, so they brought in Michael Scott to run the company. He left in 1981, so Jobs brought in CEO of PepsiCo John Sculley in 1983. Issues began to arise because Jobs himself wanted to be CEO, but Apple did not believe he was the proper fit for the position. At this time, Jobs had created a poor reputation for being difficult to work with because he was too focused on details and at times, this affected his teams feelings and deadlines. (Weinberger) In 1985, Jobs and his team released the Lisa, the first computer with a graphical user interface. Although, it was a great product, it did not sell well in the market. He later created the Macintosh, which resulted in better sales, but was not enough to compete with IBMs PC market. Sculley believed that Jobs needed to be watched over considering he was difficult to work with, so Jobs was reassigned away from the Macintosh project and put in charge of New Product Development. Jobs being upset with this reassignment, went to Apples board of directors, who sided with Sculley. Jobs feeling powerless in a company he created, decided to resign on September 17, 1985 and moved on to create NeXT. Over the next couple of years, NeXT created good PCs but still had low sales. With Jobs gone and Scully in charge, Apple began to lose focus. Apple fired Sculley and eventually brought in Gil Amelio as CEO in 1996. In 1997, Amelio acquired NeXT, bringing back Jobs. By August, Jobs had taken over as CEO and brought in a new board, and made peace with Bill Gates, chairman of Microsoft. Finally, in 1998, Apple introduced their iMac, bring the company back to its glory. I believe it was important for Apple to release Steve Jobs. After Jobs left, he started a new company and learned to manage his emotions that were affecting his team and learned to balance the desire and ability to create products on time and in budget. (Blodget). In our weekly assignments, we discussed the great comebacks of companies such as Harley Davidson and IBM. In the chapter discussing Harley Davidson, I learned about the importance of visionary leadership. Having a vision is someone who has a clear sense of the companys future environment and the actions need to thrive in it. (Hartley) A leader with vision will help their company take opportunities before competitors and raise itself up from any difficulties they are facing. Hartley states five ingredients of visionary leadership. The first is to challenge the process. A leader should encourage innovation and anyone with new ideas. The second is to be enthusiastic. A great visionary leader will inspire their team to share their vision. When sharing the same vision, employees will be on the same page and have the same enthusiasm to reach their companys future goals. Another ingredient is to help other to act; to be supportive of their teams efforts and skills. A visionary leader should set the example of how others should act in the workplace. The final ingredient is to celebrate achievements. Employees should bring their hearts and their minds to the workplace. In celebrating their achievements, they will be happier to work every day and more loyal to the companys vison. Before Steve Jobs was let go from Apple, he had a vision for his company, but he did not use all these ingredients to achieve leadership. Jobs worked with a team, but he allowed his emotions to interfere with his visions. The one ingredient he followed was to challenge the process. Jobs always had new ideas and was never afraid to share them. His issue was his immaturity stopped him from sharing his visions to the company in a way they can also envision it because he did not display model behavior, and he also did not encourage his team to share his vision. During this time, Jobs lost support from his teams along with the board of Apple. After Jobs left, he learned how to use these skills at his company NeXT. With Scully in charge and Jobs gone, Apple lost all their future vision, and struggled to innovate new products. Because of this, Scully was fired, and Apple searched for a new leader with great plans for their future. When Jobs returned to Apple, he displayed true visionary leadership. He had developed the skills to be leader and used these skills to bring Apple back from near bankruptcy. Throughout this class, I have also learned the importance of leadership style. Since the beginning of Apple, Jobs had always wanted to be CEO of the company. When the company was created Jobs could not take up that role because he had no experience in running a company. Although, at the time he was not labeled CEO, he attempted to act the role and failed miserably due to his leadership style. In Management Mistakes Successes by Robert F. Hartley, a chapter focused on the management mistakes made at Continental Airlines. Frank Lorenzo was CEO during Continental Airlines downfall. Lorenzo was failing the company by displaying poor corporate culture and had a poor management style. He was described as a Theory X manager, who has low opinions of subordinates. According to Hartley, a Theory X manager views their subordinates as, disliking work, lacking in ambition, irresponsible, resistant to change, preferring to be led rather than to lead. This management style brought fear into his employees. They were not willing to work hard, they feared to discuss new ideas, and failed to communicate any issues. To the save company, Continental Airlines brought in CEO, Gordon Bethune, described as a Theory Y manager. Harley describes a Theory Y manager to see their subordinates as, willing to work, willing to accept responsibility, capable of self-direction, capable of self-control, and capable of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity. With this style, Bethune won back the hearts of his employees and shared his vision of the company. By displaying the management style, he gained the trust of his team, and salvaged the airline. Before Jobs came back to save Apple, he could have been described as a Theory X manager. During the Macintosh project, jobs fired anyone who disagreed with the project and hired employees of his skill level. He was immature, stubborn and had no control over his emotions. He refused to listen to ideas other than his own and was described as mercurial and demanding. After returning to Apple, jobs could be better described as a Theory Y manager. He learned to encourage his employees ideas and had faith that his subordinates can manage themselves. Using this management style, Jobs gained the trust of his employees and board, along with his employees and board gaining their trust in him and was able to resurrect Apple from the edge of bankruptcy. Overall, I learned that Apple had to bring Steve Jobs back to regain the future vision of Apple. Although most say that Apples biggest mistake was allowing Jobs to leave, I believe it was a necessary action. His behavior was unacceptable in a professional environment, and he was not acting as a team player. If Jobs had never left Apple, then he may have never developed the skills he needed to become the inspiration leader he is today. In my opinion, if he did not leave, he would have never realized the mistakes he had made. By leaving, he evaluated his faults and learned to become an inspirational leader. With his new developed skills, he gave his company a vision. Jobs focused on attracting skilled and creative people who wanted to change the world by making better tools. Throughout this process, Jobs managed to make a lot of money, but that was never his goal. His high profits were a result of his clear vision, his executions, and his willingness to lead, fail, and to try again. (H usick) References Hartley, R. F. (2011). Management mistakes and successes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Husick, L. (2011, September 11). What Students Can Learn from Steve Jobs. Retrieved from https://www.fpri.org/article/2011/09/what-students-can-learn-from-steve-jobs/ Blodget, H. (2013, September 23). Lets Get One Thing Straight Apple Had No Choice But To Oust Steve Jobs. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-had-no-choice-with-steve-jobs-2013-9 Weinberger, M. (2017, July 31). This is why Steve Jobs got fired from Apple and how he came back to save the company. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-apple-fired-returned-2017-7 Katzenbach, J. (2012, May 29). The Steve Jobs Way. Retrieved from https://www.strategy-business.com/article/00109?gko=d331b Steve Jobs: An Extraordinary Career. (2008, October 09). Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/197538

Letters of Recommendation at Online Universities

As a student in an online undergraduate institution, it is likely that you will never meet any of your professors face-to-face. Does that mean you cant get a letter of recommendation from them? Think of it this way: does your professor have to know what you look like in order to determine whether you are graduate school material? No. All you need are experiences with the faculty member (in class or through advising) that illustrate your competence. That said, it is unquestionably more difficult to get these experiences without face-to-face contact in a traditional college setting. Who to Ask? How do you determine who to ask? Remember that faculty need to know enough about you to write a letter stating that you will do well in grad school. Which faculty have you had the most contact with? Consider the classes youve taken. Have you had a professor more than once? An advisor with whom you have discussed your coursework with? A thesis committee? Did you obtain a high grade for a lengthy paper? That professor, even if youve only taken one class with him or her, might be a good reference. Look over all of the work that you have submitted. Consider the papers with which you are particularly proud. What feedback did the faculty provide? Considering the feedback, do you think this professor might write on your behalf? What If You Cant Find Three Faculty? Three recommendation letters can be hard to come by. You might find, for example, that one faculty member knows you really well, another knows you somewhat, and a third not as well. Graduate schools are familiar with the challenges of online learning but they still expect letters of recommendation that indicate that faculty know who you are, positively evaluate your work, and believe that you are a good candidate for graduate study. Many students who attend online institutions for their undergraduate work find that they can easily obtain a couple of letters but find it hard to identify a third faculty member. In this case, consider non-faculty as letter writers. Have you done any work  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  paid or unpaid  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  in an area related to your desired field of study? The most helpful letters are written by knowledgeable professionals in your field who supervise your work. At a minimum, identify a supervisor who can write about your work ethic and motivation. Soliciting letters of recommendation is never easy. Never having met your professors in person makes soliciting letters much harder. Online institutions are more popular than ever and continue to grow in numbers. Graduate admissions committees are gaining experience with applicants from online institutions. They are becoming familiar with the challenges that such students face and increasingly understand the difficulties students experience in obtaining letters of recommendation. Dont fret. Youre not the only one in this predicament. Seek a range of letters that illustrate your competence. Ideally, all should be written by faculty, but recognize that it may not be possible. Prepare for the possibility by cultivating relationships with professionals whenever you can. As with all aspects of applying to graduate school, begin early.

The Rise Of The Renaissance - 1448 Words

There were numerous figures that influenced the historical period in the world, called the Renaissance. Of these figures, names like Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, and various others seem to pop up quite often. These individuals are said to have influenced this time period through their art, philosophies, and even religious views. These influences are still felt in society today. The Renaissance movement brought upon a new sense of humanism, thus gradually breaking individuals further away from the Church’s previous dominant ideas. Previous to the Renaissance, the Church held the presiding ideas upon mostly everything in society. The social norm was to follow and believe what the Church had said to be true. However, the†¦show more content†¦And of these Henry, with all his inconsistencies, was a constant defender (Stubbs 37). Yet, when the Pope rejected the King’s desire for a divorce, Henry’s whole belief in the Catholic faith seemed to have d ied entirely. As a result, the King’s proclamation of the Act of Supremacy officially caused England to part ways with the Catholic Church. As a result of the dismissal of the Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England became the new head religion of the nation, and King Henry VIII was named head of the church. Subsequently, the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church had absolutely no say over any theological affairs in the nation of England. The citizens of England also became apart of this new Church of England. As a result of the breaking away from the Catholic Church, this foreshadowed the rise and conversion towards Protestantism in the nation of England. King Henry VIII enforced a policy called the â€Å"Dissolution†, which was the forceful termination of any convents and monasteries in England at the time. Also, any revenue recovered from these institutions was put forth to the English Parliament, to be used for alternative programs that would benefit the na tion of England. These programs included things such as enhancing England’s protection against any possible attackers. The economic state the King Henry was handed down was still mending from the Bubonic plague that ravished most ofShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Renaissance Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pages The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy around the 1500’s to about the 1700’s. Florence, Italy was the mecca of this rebirth because at the time Florence was extremely wealthy and the people of the city had political freedom and those new ideals of the Renaissance were not being condemned in Florence as they were other cities. This was a time where the arts and the logic of one’s own mind was valued rather than criticized, the antiquated medieval ideals no longer matched the needs of those whoRead MoreThe Rise Of The Renaissance2336 Words   |  10 PagesThe Renaissance was a time period where people became interested in classical Greece and Rome. This era took place from approximately 1300 to sometime in the 1600s, and began in Florence, Italy. The Renaissance began in this country as a cultural movement, or a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. â€Å"After 1300 a much greater variety and quantity of goods was produced a nd consumed across the globe. Textiles, furnishings and items of apparel formed a key part of thisRead MoreThe Rise Of The Renaissance Era1166 Words   |  5 PagesClosely following the Middle Ages, the Renaissance era was a time from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century in Europe that brought a revival or â€Å"rebirth.† This rebirth came from an interest in ancient Greek and Roman education and principles. Europe was becoming more politically stable, new technological advances, like the printing press, were being created, new discoveries were being made, and the exploration of new lands/continents was urged. 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[1] Harlem received over time, Harlem developed from a farming village to becomeRead MoreThe Renaissance in Europe1418 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Renaissance†, which is French for â€Å"rebirth†, perfectly describes the rebirth of art and learning that occurred in Europe between the 1400s and 1600s. During the era known as the Renaissance, Europe underwent a cultural movement in which people regained interest in the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome. A renewed interest in philosophy and human individuality lead to the development of more worldly and nonreligious focuses. Europe sought knowledge from the ancient world and moved out of the DarkRead MoreThe Renaissance: The Rebirth of Europe1245 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Renaissance represented a rebirth of the Aristotelian spirit. The results of that spirit are written across the next two centuries, which men describe, properly, as the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. 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Analysis of Accidents Statistics in Malaysian Construction...

2010 International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics IPEDR vol.3 (2011)  © (2011) IACSIT Press, Hong Kong An Analysis of Accidents Statistics in Malaysian Construction Sector Dayang Nailul Munna Abang Abdullah Faculty of Business Management Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: nailul@salam.uitm.edu.my Gloria Chai Mei Wern Faculty of Cognitive Science Human Development Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia e-mail: gloriachai.mw@gmail.com Abstract—The construction industry undoubtedly plays a significant role in the development process of a country contributing towards employment and economic growth. However, statistics have proven this field to be a highly†¦show more content†¦2) Negligence of three construction companies, led to the death of another Indonesian worker on 15 May 2006 located at Lot 2007 1) Death of two workers and severe injuries on ten workers at The Pavillion Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Bukit Bintang construction site where the cables of the workmen’s lift at the posh condominium and shopping complex project snapped and plummeted 15 metres to the ground. 2) Death of two Malaysian construction workers, buried alive four meters deep in a landslide while working on the fencing located at 2008 1) Two Malaysian construction workers were buried alive by excavated sand pile in a 3.6m-deep sewer trench at Taman Merbau phase two construction site in Changlun 2) Twenty five foreign workers escaped without major injuries when the structure they were 1 BMW; killed him and severely injured his wife and the driver at Plaza Damas located along Jalan Hartamas. 206, Section 63, Lorong Binjai where a 32-storey of 100 units apartment was to be built. 3) Two sides collapsed of a bridge that was under construction at 3.2 kilometers of the Klang Valley Highway that caused the death of two Bangladesh workers. 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Critical Analysis redeeming Rap music - 1088 Words

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Lactose Tolerance Free Essays

Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk. It cannot be absorbed in the intestine, but needs to be split in two molecules by the enzyme lactase. In newborns the (very rare) absence of the enzyme is lethal unless special food can be provided. We will write a custom essay sample on Lactose Tolerance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Until fairly recently it was considered normal by Western medicine that in older children and adults the activity of lactase was maintained. We now know that this is the rule among west Europeans and their descendants in other countries. In many other populations the continuation of lactase excretion in older children and adults is virtually absent, leading to lactose intolerance (Dobzhansky et al., 1997). Lactose intolerance is manifested by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and flatulence after consumption of, let us say, half a liter of cow’s milk (Braly, 1992). This holds for many East Asian groups, Melanesians, Native Americans and for most Africans. Groups of nomadic pastoralists in Africa, such as the Fulani, form a notable exception with high prevalence of lactose tolerance. In southern Europe and in certain regions of India intermediate values (from 30 percent to 70 percent) are found lactose tolerance, a biological, genetic adaptation that is commonly found in populations with a long history of dairying (www.vegsource.com). Populations with this genetic trait have the ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk. The intestinal enzyme lactase breaks down lactose into simpler sugars that can be absorbed and metabolized as a source of energy. Lactose also plays a part in the absorption of the calcium in milk. This is especially important when Vitamin D deficiency is present ( Durham 1991:226-228). Durham (1991) has pointed out that the full story is more complicated than was originally supposed, since it involves calcium as well as lactose absorption. Nevertheless, the result is the same. Today, between 70 and 100 per cent of human adults whose ancestors came from long-term dairy-farming areas are lactose-tolerant, whereas the great majority of those who stem from non-dairy-farming areas remain lactose-intolerant. This differentiation must have occurred within the last 10,000 years, and must have been induced by human phenotypes changing their own environments. When the body is functioning normally, lactase breaks down lactose into two simple sugars, glucose and galactose, which are used by the body. But when there is a lack of sufficient lactase, the unabsorbed lactose migrates to the colon, where it becomes fermented by intestinal bacteria and causes gastrointestinal problems. In most humans, lactase activity disappears after infancy. That is, they become more or less lactose intolerant after they are weaned. Although they may be able to drink a small glass of milk without much trouble, if they drink large amounts the undigested lactose gives them diarrhea, bloating, and gas. Even though they do not absorb the lactose in milk as an energy source, they may be able to make use of the protein, calcium, and fat in milk, if they drink small enough amounts to avoid distress and the nutritional losses incurred with diarrhea. Alternately, cultural adaptations such as making cheese or yogurt reduce the lactose content. Presumably, the reason lactose intolerance occurs early in life has to do with the process of weaning. Some children are genetically programmed to stop being able to handle milk once they pass the age of breastfeeding. Although there is no perfect correlation the relationship between lactose tolerance in adults and animal husbandry is striking. Two explanations have been suggested, one cultural, and the other referring to physical qualities of the environment (Flatz Rotthauwe, 1977). In the cultural explanation it is postulated that the consumption of milk, because of its nutritional value in proteins, should give a selection advantage. Once there were a few individuals who can tolerate milk, this trait could slowly spread through the population over a large number of generations. The fact that there are cattle farming populations with a low frequency of tolerance weakens this hypothesis. In addition, when milk has fermented it is low in lactose content and is digestible in the absence of lactase in the consumer’s intestinal tract. The second hypothesis postulates an advantage of lactose tolerance in areas with relatively little ultraviolet sunlight, such as northern Europe. Sunlight plays a role in the production of vitamin D which is needed for calcium metabolism. A too low level of vitamin D leads to rickets, a bone disease. It has been suggested that lactose is an alternative substance to vitamin D in the metabolism of calcium. Another version of this hypothesis bears on the direct absorption of vitamin D contained in milk and milk products. In practical terms, knowledge of lactose tolerance and intolerance is important when proposing food aid programs. Knowing that milk can cause digestive problems helps us understand why recipients of powdered milk as emergency aid have used the milk to whitewash their buildings and have even accused aid programs of being U.S. plots to poison them ( Lerner and Libby 1976:327). Health educators also need to be cautious about over-promoting milk products to ethnic groups, such as Asian Americans, who do not tolerate them well. In evolutionary terms, farming is quite recent on the human scene, and most of the adaptations to it have been cultural rather than genetic. Lactose tolerance is particularly interesting because it shows the coevolutionary interaction between biological and cultural adaptation to the farming way of life. References Attwood, Charles R. Calcium Without the Cow. Retrieved on January 29, 2006 Braly, James, M.D., and Torbet, Laura. (1992). Dr. Braly’s Food Allergy and Nutrition Revolution. New Canaan, Conn.: Keats Publishing, Inc. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., Valentine, J. W. (1997). Evolution. San Francisco: Freeman. Durham, William H. (1991). Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Flatz, G., Rotthauwe, H. W. (1977). The human lactase polymorphism: Physiology and genetics of lactose absorption and malabsorption. Progress in Medical Genetics, 2, 205–49. Lerner, Michael, and William J. Libby. (1976). Heredity, Evolution and Society. Second ed. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Â   Â   How to cite Lactose Tolerance, Essay examples

Desert Tortises Essay Example For Students

Desert Tortises Essay Desert tortoises are found on flats, alluvial fans, bajadas and rocky terrain. Historically, flat terrain has lent itself to human. Skewing population estimates towards this gentler terrain. But evidence exists that desert tortoises also frequent Rocky slopes, perhaps for protection from the desert heat. Soil friability, or its tendency to break apart, is another indicator of Tortoise habitat. Desert tortoises need soils they are capable of digging into for burrows. Plant species also play a major role in both defining desert tortoise habitat and their diet. Creosote bush, burro bush, Mojave Yucca and black brush generally distinguish desert tortoise habitat. At higher altitudes, Joshua tree and galleta grass (Pleuraphisrigida) are common plant indicators. Populations have declined recently in many areas due to two main human attributable reasons: the direct loss of Individuals and habitat degradation / fragmentation. Individual tortoises are lost due to poaching, collection for pets, military Activities, vehicular impact, livestock trampling, disease and raven encroachment. Habitat degradation and fragmentation occur Mainly through the spread of urban sprawl and livestock grazing practices. In addition to a recent encroachment by ravens due To the presence of garbage dumps, desert tortoises also face the threat of a deadly upper respiratory disease in the Western Mojave area. Sadly the desert tortoises population is only 20 tortoises per square mile. Biologists have identified research Needs and recommendations for funding, reviewed research proposals, developed a manual to educate and aid law Enforcement officials and developed a compensation policy for loss of desert tortoise habitat. Bibliography: